Produced under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Johan Rockström at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) in collaboration with the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the report is launched as nearly 200 UNCCD member states begin their COP16 summit on Monday in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Land is the foundation of Earth’s stability, the report underlines. It regulates climate, preserves biodiversity, maintains freshwater systems and provides life-giving resources including food, water and raw materials.  The report, Stepping back from the precipice: Transforming land management to stay within planetary boundaries, draws on roughly 350 information sources(*) to examine land degradation and opportunities to act from a planetary boundaries perspective.

Deforestation, urbanization and unsustainable farming, however, are causing global land degradation at an unprecedented scale, threatening not only different Earth system components but human survival itself.

Moreover, the deterioration of forests and soils undermines Earth’s capacity to cope with the climate and biodiversity crises, which in turn accelerate land degradation in a vicious, downward cycle of impacts.

“If we fail to acknowledge the pivotal role of land and take appropriate action, the consequences will ripple through every aspect of life and extend well into the future, intensifying difficulties for future generations,” said UNCCD Executive Secretary Ibrahim Thiaw.

Already today, land degradation disrupts food security, drives migration, and fuels conflicts.

The global area impacted by land degradation – approx. 15 million km², more than the entire continent of Antarctica or nearly the size of Russia  – is expanding each year by about a million square km.

Planetary boundaries

The report, available for download post-embargo at www.unccd.int and https://bit.ly/3V5SaY7, situates both problems and potential solutions related to land use within the scientific framework of the planetary boundaries, which has rapidly gained policy relevance since its unveiling 15 years ago.

The planetary boundaries define nine critical thresholds essential for maintaining Earth’s stability. How humanity uses or abuses land directly impacts seven of these, including climate change, species loss and ecosystem viability, freshwater systems, and the circulation of naturally occurring elements nitrogen and phosphorus. Change in land use is also a planetary boundary.

Alarmingly, six boundaries have already been breached to date, and two more are close to their thresholds: ocean acidification and the concentration of aerosols in the atmosphere. Only stratospheric ozone – the object of a 1989 treaty to reduce ozone-depleting chemicals – is firmly within its “safe operating space”.

“The aim of the planetary boundaries framework is to provide a measure for achieving human wellbeing within Earth’s ecological limits,” said Johan Rockström, lead author of the seminal study introducing the concept in 2009.

“We stand at a precipice and must decide whether to step back and take transformative action, or continue on a path of irreversible environmental change,” he adds.

The benchmark for land use, for example, is the extent of the world’s forests before significant human impact. Anything above 75% keeps us within safe bounds, but forest cover has already been reduced to only 60% of its original area, according to the most recent update of the planetary boundaries framework by Katherine Richardson and colleagues.

Until recently, land ecosystems absorbed nearly one third of human-caused CO₂ pollution, even as those emissions increased by half.

Over the last decade, however, deforestation and climate change have reduced by 20% the capacity of trees and soil to absorb excess CO₂.

Unsustainable agricultural practices

Conventional agriculture is the leading culprit of land degradation, contributing to deforestation, soil erosion and pollution. Unsustainable irrigation practices deplete freshwater resources, while excessive use of nitrogen- and phosphorus-based fertilizers destabilize ecosystems.

Degraded soils lower crop yields and nutritional quality, directly impacting the livelihoods of vulnerable populations. Secondary effects include greater dependency on chemical inputs and increased land conversion for farming.

The infamous Dust Bowl of the 1930s resulted from large-scale land-use changes and inadequate soil conservation.

Land degradation hotspots today stem from intensive agricultural production and high irrigation demands, particularly in dry regions such as South Asia, northern China, the US High Plains, California, and the Mediterranean.

Meanwhile, climate change – which has long since breached its own planetary boundary – accelerates land degradation through extreme weather events, prolonged droughts, and intensified floods. Melting mountain glaciers and altered water cycles heighten vulnerabilities, especially in arid regions.

Rapid urbanization intensifies these challenges, contributing to habitat destruction, pollution, and biodiversity loss.

The impacts of land degradation hit tropical and low-income countries disproportionately, both because they have less resilience and because impacts are concentrated in tropical and arid regions. Women, youth, Indigenous peoples, and local communities also bear the brunt of environmental decline. Women face increased workloads and health risks, while children suffer from malnutrition and educational setbacks.

Weak governance and corruption exacerbate these challenges. Corruption fosters illegal deforestation and resource exploitation, perpetuating cycles of degradation and inequality.

According to the Prindex initiative, nearly one billion people lack secure land tenure, with the highest concentration in north Africa (28%), sub-Saharan Africa (26%), as well as South and Southeast Asia. The fear of losing one’s home or land undermines efforts to promote sustainable practices.

Agricultural subsidies often incentivize harmful practices, fueling overuse of water and biogeochemical imbalances. Aligning these subsidies with sustainability goals is critical for effective land management.

From 2013 to 2018, more than half-a-trillion dollars were spent on such subsidies across 88 countries, a report by FAO, UNDP and UNEP found in 2021.  Nearly 90% went to inefficient, unfair practices that harmed the environment, according to that report.

Transformative action

Transformative action to combat land degradation is needed to ensure a return to the safe operating space for the land-based planetary boundaries. Just as the planetary boundaries are interconnected, so must be the actions to prevent or slow their transgression.

Principles of fairness and justice are key when designing and implementing transformative actions to stop land degradation, ensuring that benefits and burdens are equitably distributed.

Agriculture reform, soil protection, water resource management, digital solutions, sustainable or “green” supply chains, equitable land governance along with the protection and restoration of forests, grasslands, savannas and peatlands are crucial for halting and reversing land and soil degradation.

Regenerative agriculture is primarily defined by its outcomes, including improved soil health, carbon sequestration and biodiversity enhancement. Agroecology emphasises holistic land management, including the integration of forestry, crops and livestock management.

Woodland regeneration, no-till farming, nutrient management, improved grazing, water conservation and harvesting, efficient irrigation, intercropping, organic fertiliser, improved use of compost and biochar – can all enhance soil carbon and boost yields.

Savannas are under severe threat from human-induced land degradation, yet are essential for ecological and human wellbeing. A major store of biodiversity and carbon, they cover 20% of the Earth’s land surface but are increasingly being lost to cropland expansion and misguided afforestation.

The current rate of groundwater extraction exceeds replenishment in 47% of global aquifers, so more efficient irrigation is crucial to reduce agricultural freshwater use.

Globally, the water sector must continue to shift from “grey” infrastructure (dams, reservoirs, channels, treatment plants) to “green” (reforestation, floodplain restoration, forest conservation or recharging aquifers).

More efficient delivery of chemical fertilizer is likewise essential: currently, only 46% of nitrogen and 66% of phosphorus applied as fertilizer is taken up by crops. The rest runs off into freshwater bodies, and coastal areas with dire consequences for the environment.

New technologies

New technologies coupled with big data and artificial intelligence have made possible innovations such as precision farming, remote sensing and drones that detect and combat land degradation in real time. Benefits likewise accrue from the precise application of water, nutrients and pesticides, along with early pest and disease detection.

Plantix, a free app available in 18 languages, can detect nearly 700 pests and diseases on more than 80 different crops. Improved solar cookstoves can provide households with additional income sources and improve livelihoods, while reducing reliance on forest resources.

Regulatory action, stronger land governance, formalisation of land tenure and better corporate transparency on environmental impacts are all needed as well.

Numerous multilateral agreements on land-system change exist but have largely failed to deliver. The Glasgow Declaration to halt deforestation and land degradation by 2030 was signed by 145 countries at the Glasgow climate summit in 2021, but deforestation has increased since then.

Protecting intact peatlands and rewetting 60% of those already degraded could transform such ecosystems into a net sink, or sponge, of greenhouse gases by the end of the century. Currently, damaged peatlands account for 4% to 5% of global GHG emissions, according to the IUCN.

(*) Complete references can be found in the report.

By the numbers: Recent research highlights 

• 7 out of 9: Planetary boundaries impacted by land use, underscoring its central role in Earth systems.
• 60%: Remaining global forest cover—well below the safe boundary of 75%.
• 15 million km²: Degraded land area, more than the size of Antarctica, expanding by 1 million km² annually.
• 20%: Earth’s land surface covered by savannas, now under threat from cropland expansion and ill-conceived afforestation.
• 46%: Global land area classified as drylands, home to a third of humanity; 75% of Africa is dryland.
• 90%: Share of recent deforestation directly caused by agriculture—dominated by expanding cropland in Africa/Asia, livestock grazing in South America.
• 80%: Agriculture’s contribution to global deforestation; 70% of freshwater use.
• 23%: Greenhouse gas emissions stemming from agriculture, forestry, and land use.
• 50% vs. 6%: Share of agricultural emissions from deforestation in lower-income vs. higher-income countries.
• 46% / 66%: Fertilizer efficiency for nitrogen and phosphorus; the rest runs off with dire consequences.
• 2,700+: National policies addressing nitrogen pollution while phosphorus is largely overlooked.
• 10%: World’s arable land planted with genetically modified crops by 2018—dominated by soy (78%), cotton (76%), and maize (30%).
• 11,700 years: Length of the Holocene period, during which Earth’s temperature varied within a narrow 0.5°C range—until a 1.3°C rise since the mid-19th century.
• 1/3: Anthropogenic CO2 absorbed by land ecosystems annually.
• 25%: Share of global biodiversity found in soil.
• 20%: Decline in trees’ and soil’s CO2 absorption capacity since 2015 attributed to climate change.
• 3%: Freshwater share of Earth’s water, mostly locked in ice caps and groundwater.
• 50%+: World’s major rivers disrupted by dam construction.
• 47%: Aquifers being depleted faster than they replenish.
• 1 billion: People with insecure land rights, fearing loss of home or land (e.g., 28% in MENA, 26% in sub-Saharan Africa).
• 1 in 5: People worldwide who paid bribes for land services in 2019—rising to 1 in 2 in sub-Saharan Africa.
• $500B+ (2013–2018): Agricultural subsidies across 88 countries, 90% of which fueled inefficient, harmful practices.
• $200B/year: Public and private finance for nature-based solutions, dwarfed by $7 trillion/year financing environmental harm
• 145: nations that pledged in 2021 to halt deforestation by 2030; forest loss has since continued.

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PM Modi said, “Just yesterday, Guyana gave me its highest honor. I heartily thank every citizen of Guyana for this honor. I dedicate this honor to every citizen of India. The relationship between India and Guyana is very deep. It is a relationship of soil, sweat and hard work. About 180 years ago, the first Indian set foot on the land of Guyana. In such a situation, from then till now, in all circumstances, the relationship between India and Guyana has been full of warmth and affection.” PM Modi said that before becoming the Prime Minister, he had visited this beautiful country 24 years ago as a “curious person”. He said that he wanted to know about Guyana’s heritage, wanted to understand its history. He said, “Even today there are many people in Guyana who remember their meetings with me. My visit at that time is full of many memories.”

The Prime Minister, while addressing the Parliament of the Caribbean country, emphasized on the rich democratic tradition. He said, “Today the strongest mantra for moving ahead in front of the world is ‘Democracy First, Humanity First’. The spirit of Democracy First teaches us to take everyone along, take everyone along and participate in everyone’s development. The spirit of Humanity First determines the direction of our decisions. When we make Humanity First the basis of decisions, the results are also in the interest of humanity.”

PM Modi said that today India is fulfilling its duty towards the world as Vishwabandhu. Whatever crisis there is in any country of the world, our honest effort is to reach there by accepting our responsibility. He said, “This is not the time for conflict for the world, but to identify the situations that create conflict and remove them. We have never moved forward with the spirit of expansionism. We have always stayed away from the spirit of capturing and grabbing resources. Today India stands in favor of global development and peace in every way. With this spirit, today India has also become the voice of the ‘Global South’.”

Referring to the historical similarities of the two countries, he said that during the freedom struggle, many people in Guyana and India dedicated their lives. Strengthening democracy in Guyana is contributing to the development of the world at every step. Along with strengthening democracy, we should also keep a constant eye on global situations.

PM Modi said that when India and Guyana got independence, the world had to face different challenges. Today the challenges of the 21st century are completely different. He said, “The systems and organisations established after the Second World War are crumbling. Today we are facing many challenges including terrorism, drug trafficking and cyber crime. We have to confront these issues head on to shape a better future for the coming generations. This can only be achieved by prioritising ‘Democracy First, Humanity First’.”

The Prime Minister said that our democratic values ​​support us in every ups and downs while walking on the path of development. There is no greater tool than democracy in building an inclusive society. Democracy ensures protection of their rights and guarantees a bright future. We have shown that democracy is in our DNA and conduct.

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According to the report of Dawn.com, Home Minister Mohsin Naqvi also gave the same information while talking to the media outside the Islamabad High Court.

Naqvi said, “The last week has been difficult and disturbing, now 38 people have been martyred in Kurram. We see a new incident every day. We are in constant touch with KP officials, KP Inspector General of Police and the Chief Minister. They need help.”

The interior minister said, “KP is one of our provinces, part of our country and we will not leave it behind. We will provide all possible help.”

Giving details of the incident, KP government spokesman Barrister Dr Saif said that first the policemen were attacked and then the convoy of passengers was targeted from both sides. He said, “There were about 200 vehicles in the convoy.”

Dr Saif said that upon receiving the information, the district administration, senior police officials reached the spot. He said that investigation into the incident is underway.

President Asif Ali Zardari strongly condemned the incident and expressed his condolences to the bereaved families of the deceased.

“Attacking innocent passengers is a cowardly and inhuman act,” he was quoted as saying in a post on X by the media cell of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). He said that those responsible for the incident should be punished.

KP Chief Minister Ali Amin Gandapur condemned the attack. He directed the Chief Secretary, Provincial Law Minister and a delegation of MNAs and MPAs of the region to immediately visit Kurram and personally assess the situation there and submit a report.

The incident comes amid a sharp rise in the number of terror attacks in Balochistan and KP.

According to reports, the attacks increased after the banned terrorist organization Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) announced to break a fragile ceasefire agreement with the government in 2022 and target security forces.

On Tuesday (November 19), 12 soldiers were killed while six terrorists were killed in a major attack in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). According to Pakistani media, the attack targeted a check post in Mali Khel area of ​​Bannu.

On Tuesday, ‘terrorists attempted to attack a joint check post in the Malikhel area of ​​Bannu district,’ the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) said in a statement.

The ISPR is the media and public relations wing of the Pakistan Armed Forces.

The ISPR said the attack was effectively foiled but a suicide blast caused the checkpost wall and nearby infrastructure to collapse. As a result, 10 soldiers and two Frontier Constabulary jawans were killed.

“In the ensuing gunfight, six terrorists were killed,” the ISPR said.

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News agency Xinhua quoted German news agency DPA as saying that the poverty rate of senior citizens in Germany has remained stable in recent years. 3.245 million senior citizens are affected in the year 2023 and 3.157 million in 2022.

However, this figure is quite different from the figure of 2013, when only 2.4 million elderly people were at risk of poverty in Germany.

In fact, the risk of poverty is defined as when a person’s income is less than 60 percent after social benefits.

The elderly population in Germany has increased in the last few years. The elderly population was 12 million in 1991, which increased to 18.7 million in the year 2022.

According to the Federal Statistical Office, this demographic change means that the elderly population has become a large part of the country’s population.

Meanwhile, the debate on the issue of poverty of the elderly has intensified regarding pension reform in the country. There are many differences among German political parties on possible solutions. According to DPA, major changes are unlikely before the formation of a new government.

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While talking to IANS, Mobius said that Government Efficiency Chief Musk is in a good position to make necessary changes in the US government.

Mark Mobius, who runs the Mobius EM Opportunities Fund, said that this will increase productivity along with efficiency in the US.

Newly elected US President Donald Trump has announced the appointment of Vivek Ramaswami along with veteran industrialist Elon Musk to lead the New Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE). Both have been given the responsibility of rapidly changing the government by cutting wasteful expenditure.

Trump said DOGE “will probably become the ‘Manhattan Project’ of our time.” He was referring to the US efforts during World War II, in which nuclear weapons were developed in record time.

Trump said, “Both of them will work for my US administration to eliminate bureaucracy, cut wasteful spending, eliminate unnecessary regulations and reorganize federal agencies.”

Musk said that all the work of the Department of Government Efficiency will be posted online to make it more transparent. Whenever the public feels that we are ending something important or not eliminating something useless, let us know. We will also have a leaderboard for the most wasteful expenditure of your tax dollars.

Musk claims that he will be able to cut at least $ 2 trillion (168 lakh crores) in government spending through the new department.

This is a new department, so it is not clear whether its leaders will be in the cabinet or not, whether they will be recognized by the Senate or not and what their positions will be. There will be.

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The Trump-Vance transition team said in a statement, “Pete is tough, smart and a true believer in America First. Under Pete’s leadership, America’s enemies will get this warning – our army will be great again, and America will never back down.”

The world including New Delhi was watching this announcement.

The statement said that Hegseth is a graduate from Princeton University. He also has a graduation degree from Harvard University. He is an Army combat veteran who has visited Guantanamo Bay, Iraq and Afghanistan. He has been awarded two Bronze Stars as well as a Combat Infantryman Badge for his actions on the battlefield.

Hegseth has been a Fox News host for eight years, according to the transition team.

“Pete’s recent book, ‘The War on Warriors,’ spent nine weeks on the New York Times best-seller list, including two weeks at number one. The book explains how we can lead our military back to competency, firepower, accountability and excellence. Pete also leads two veterans advocacy organizations that are leading the fight for our warriors and our great veterans. No one person can fight as hard for the troops as he can. Pete will be a courageous and patriotic champion of our ‘Peace Through Strength’ policy,” the transition team added.

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In his post on Truth Social, Trump announced that he will not give a job to former Foreign Minister and Central Intelligence Chief Mike Pompeo as well.

The Republican leader said on Truth Social, “I will not invite former Ambassador Nikki Haley or former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to join the Trump administration.” However, he also praised both of them, “I have enjoyed working with them before and I appreciated them and would like to thank them for their service to the country.”

Another Indian American and Republican leader Vivek Ramaswami may get a place in the Trump administration. During a campaign rally in Pennsylvania, Trump had praised her a lot.

At the rally, Trump said that Ramaswami is “very smart” and “she is going to be a part of something that is really big.”

“I don’t want to tell her what position she is in right now. We will pick the right person,” Trump said. “We can put her in charge of one of these big monsters (in government) and she will do a better job than anybody else you can think of,” he added.

Haley became the first Indian-American to hold a cabinet position when Trump appointed her as the Permanent Representative to the United Nations, a high-level position in the US.

Haley left the post after only two years and quietly started building her base outside the state of South Carolina, where she had been the governor.

Haley unsuccessfully tried to become the Republican Party’s presidential candidate. She eventually dropped out of the race and then endorsed the former president. This angered Trump.

Haley said she was willing to campaign for Trump, but was not invited to speak at rallies or any events.

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This program was implemented for international students from 14 countries including Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines and Vietnam.

According to reports, the Canadian government said on its website that the initiative is being shut down to ‘provide equal and fair access to the application process to all students’.

Under this scheme, only applications received till 2 pm on November 8 will be processed, while after that all applications will be processed under the regular study permit stream.

SDS had a higher approval rate and faster processing time. With the closure of this program, students from India and 13 other countries will have to go through a longer visa process.

Canada is considering drastically reducing the number of immigrants coming to the country for the first time in many years. It is a dramatic policy change by an unpopular government trying to stay in power.

Canada has been a country that has long taken pride in welcoming newcomers, but now it is changing its policy towards immigrants.

The issue has become one of the most controversial issues in Canadian politics, as there are federal elections to be held before October 2025. Surveys show that a large part of the population thinks that Canada has too many immigrants.

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In 2016, Hillary Clinton got about 28,00,000 more direct popular votes than Donald Trump in the US presidential election but she had to face defeat. In 2000, George W. Bush defeated Al Gore. However, Democratic candidate Gore won the popular vote by more than five lakh votes.

This happened because of the Electoral College – this is a unique system of US presidential election due to which the results are not decided directly by the popular vote.

Popular vote is the total number of individual votes cast by citizens across the country. It reflects the direct choice of the people, where every vote is counted equally.

Now let’s talk about the Electoral College.

On November 5, American voters will vote for Democrat Kamala Harris or Republican Donald Trump. But those votes will not directly determine who wins.

When Americans vote, they are actually voting for a group of electors who will represent their preferences. These electors then vote for the president based on the popular vote within their state.

In fact, the US presidential election is a state-by-state contest rather than a national contest.

Winning any one of the 50 states means that a candidate gets all of the so-called Electoral College votes. There are 538 Electoral College votes in total.

A candidate needs to win a majority – 270 or more – to win the presidency. Their running mate becomes vice president. This is why it is possible for a candidate to become president even if they get fewer votes nationwide, if they win an Electoral College majority.

Each state gets a certain number of electors. Electors are the people who vote in the Electoral College. The number of electors in each state roughly corresponds to its population.

For example, the most populous state, California, has 55 electoral votes, while a smaller state like Wyoming has only 3.

If a candidate wins the papal vote in a state, he usually gets all the electoral votes as well. For example, in 2020, Joe Biden won California, so all 55 electoral votes from California went to his account.

However, this is not always the case. If an elector votes against his state’s presidential candidate, he is called ‘disloyal or faithless’.

In some states, ‘faithless electors’ can be fined or prosecuted.

If no candidate wins a majority, the House of Representatives, the lower house of the US Senate, votes to elect the president.

This has happened only once, in 1824, when the electoral college vote was split among four candidates, leaving none of them with a majority.

Given the current dominance of the Republican and Democratic parties, this is highly unlikely to happen today.

The electoral college system is one of the most controversial systems in the US. While its supporters point to some of its advantages, such as smaller states remaining important to candidates, candidates not having to travel the entire country, and can focus on key states, etc.

While opponents of the electoral college system argue that the winner of the popular vote under this system can lose the election, some voters feel that their individual vote has no value. Much of the power resides in so-called ‘swing states’. Swing states are states where the election can go either way. In the presidential election, the entire focus is on these ‘swing states’.

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According to media reports, the American newspaper ‘Washington Post’ published a report on October 14. It quoted sources as saying that India’s Home Minister Amit Shah had ordered the campaign against Sikh separatists in Canada.

Let us tell you that earlier Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau had accused Indian agents of being involved in the murder of Khalistani terrorist Hardeep Singh Nijjar.

According to media reports, on Tuesday, Canadian Deputy Foreign Minister David Morrison, in response to a question to the country’s National Security Committee, said that he had named Indian Home Minister Amit Shah behind the murder of Nijjar, a Washington Post journalist.

At the same time, India called these allegations of Canada baseless.

Indian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal reacted sharply to this statement of the Canadian Deputy Foreign Minister. He said, recently we summoned the representative of the Canadian High Commission. A clear message was given to Ottawa that the Government of India has strongly objected to and rejected the ‘meaningless and baseless’ comments made by Canadian Deputy Foreign Minister David Morrison against the Union Home Minister before the committee.”

The question arises as to how much more difficult will India-Canada relations see and how can the tension between the two be reduced?

Political affairs expert Arvind Jaitlyak says, “Khalistan supporter Jagmeet Singh’s party New Democratic Party has a good vote bank in Canada. A large number of NDP voters are those who support Khalistan. General elections were held in Canada in 2021. No party got an absolute majority in these elections. At the same time, in this election, the NDP party played the role of kingmaker by winning 25 seats. Justin Trudeau’s Liberal Party remained 14 seats away from the majority in the elections. Due to this, an agreement was reached between these two parties in March 2022. It is known as ‘Supply and Confidence’. Under this agreement, the NDP He had promised Trudeau that he would support his government in case of no-confidence motion.”

Jaitlaka further says, “Although Jagmeet Singh withdrew his support from Trudeau’s party during the escalation of tension between India and Canada, he gave external support in the no-confidence motion. This is the reason why Trudeau wants to save his government by pleasing the Khalistanis and for this he is spoiling relations with India.”

Throwing light on the history of Justin Trudeau’s party and his father, Jayatilak said, “It is not that Justin Trudeau is doing this now, his party and his father and former Canadian PM Pierre Trudeau also have a similar history. He too has not lagged behind in spoiling bilateral relations with India for the vote bank of Khalistanis and support of the Khalistani party. In 1985, Canada gave shelter to Khalistani terrorist Talwinder Singh Parmar, accused of India’s Kanishka plane blast. 329 people died in this plane attack. When India demanded the extradition of Khalistani Talwinder, accused of this attack, Canada rejected this demand of India.” Jayatilak said, “At that time, the Prime Minister of Canada was Pierre Elliot Trudeau, who was the father of the current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Justin Trudeau is seen following in his father’s footsteps these days.” He further says that as long as Justin Trudeau is in the government, relations between India and Canada do not seem to improve. Yes, general elections are to be held in Canada in 2025. Trudeau’s popularity has also decreased tremendously. If there is a change of power in the elections, then relations between India and Canada will improve. ”

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